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Friday, December 27, 2019

The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer - 1582 Words

Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. In particular Chaucer often tells stories with elements of the relationship between man and women. He gives a clear representation of what the expected behaviors at the time are for men and women. Men are the more dominant, they control more of the relationship and provide for their wives, and the women are submissive†¦show more content†¦It wasn’t entirely uncommon for a women to remarry in the 14th century had her husband died. There were other options for them as well like to join a nunnery or to not remarry at all. So the idea that the wife of bat h remarried multiple times isn’t completely out there during this time period or even by standards of modern day society. The stigma faced in the prologue of the wife of bath story regarding marriage isn’t a direct commentary on any sort of gender role, however it does provide us with an idea of the double standards that a women would face during this time. Some of that double standard existed well into and still exist in the 21st century in many cultures and religions. In order to achieve the role reversal like she had done our story teller of the wife of bath tale used a number of methods. She not only nagged her way into getting what she wanted, but she also persuaded her husband’s using certain tricks. â€Å"God has granted women three things by nature: lies, tears and spinning.† (Chaucer The Canterbury Tales, 160) The storyteller also says. â€Å"I’d always gain the upper hand by force of fraud.† (Chaucer The Canterbury Tales, 160) Both of these quotes demonstrate the tactics that she uses in order to gain the upper hand over her husbands and get what she desires. These methodsShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer consists of frame narratives were a group of pilgrims that are traveling from Southwark to the shire of St. Becker in the Canterbury Cathedral, tell each other to pass time until they arrive at their destination. During The Canterbury Tales the reader is exposed to many characters that represent all of the social classes of medieval England and the reader gets to know them from the general prologue to each individual tale. One of these characters is the PardonerRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2127 Words   |  9 PagesIt is unknown when Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, but it is assumed that he wrote it in 1387. There are many different aspects and themes throughout this paper that are very prominent. One theme that is very important is the importance of company. This entire tale is about twenty-nine pilgrims who all tel l tales while on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. The importance of company is that this is a pilgrimage that requires companions and friendship. ThoughRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1073 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer introduced and described a variety of fictional characters that lived in the Middle Ages. It was the time period that European civilians were governed by a system called feudalism. Where kings were the head of the system and everyone was categorized in social classes. In the prologue of The Canterbury Tales the first character introduced was the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the knight correctly by characterizing him as a chivalrous and honorable man,Read MoreThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer1585 Words   |  7 Pageswas published toward the end of his life, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was his longest and most popular work. The plot is made up of tales told by thirty-one different pilgrims as they embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. His initial idea was to have each pilgrim tell four stories a piece during the pilgrimage, but Chaucer either died before finishing or decided to change this idea, as only twenty-four tales presently make up the work. The prologue ofRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of 24 stories written during the Middle Ages. The tales were written with the intent of criticizing the functions of societal standards as well as the beliefs of the Church. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale,† one the most popular stories, offers unique insights into the customs and practices of the English middle class during the Middle Ages. The story follows the lives of John, Absolon, and Nicholas, three men who are involved with a beautiful woman namedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer266 4 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their storiesRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories give some extraordinaryRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2221 Words   |  9 Pagesin medieval literature is the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. This research seeks to examine the life of Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, and the impact and legacy of both the author and the work. Agnes Copton gave birth to a baby boy c. 1340, whom she named Geoffrey. The baby took the surname of his father John Chaucer, who came from a family of wine merchants. The family relied on strategic relationships to subsidize where they lacked in wealth. Chaucer was fluent in French, ItalianRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer was a story of not the people themselves but a social statement of how the people of higher standing were viewed by the middle class. In the time that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely TheRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1777 Words   |  8 PagesCanterbury Tales takes place in the late 1300’s also known as the Middle ages. Prior to and at this point in time, people tend to be more conservative and to themselves. Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of these stories does something most authors didn’t do at this time, he ironically pointed out the flaws of the medieval English society. He does this by using estate satire. The Canterbury Tales is a great example of the B ritish human experience at that point in time. Chaucer does a great job describing

Thursday, December 19, 2019

New Health Promoting Vending Machines - 1394 Words

One can rarely pick up a newspaper or magazine without reading about the obesity epidemic. With this rapid rise of obesity throughout our country, many people are growing increasingly concerned about the types of food that we are consuming. Specifically, the availability of vending machines has been under great scrutiny for the past several years. Many believe that the rise in obesity, is in part, linked to the easy access to junk foods prevalent in most vending machines. If vending machines had other healthier options then people would not have to make such poor nutritional choices. New methods have already been put in place to help create healthier food environments in schools, but so far other institutions like pediatric hospitals have yet to be reformed. Most people would assume that a hospital would offer the best nutritional services for their patients. Sadly, this is not the case. Most pediatric hospitals provide poor nutritional environments, especially when it comes to vendi ng machines. I. PURPOSE New Health Promoting Vending Machines (HPVMs) were developed by the health promotion centre of a university affiliated pediatric hospital (Van Hulst, Barnett, Dery, Cote, Colin, 2013). Initially 95% of snacks and 75% of drinks existing in the vending machines at the hospital did not meet the dietary recommendations. As a result, it was determined that new healthier vending machines should be made available to consumers. (Van Hulst et al., 2013). This study was designedShow MoreRelatedIdentify A Need Or Opportunity For Program Development1488 Words   |  6 Pagesprogram development or a new area in which to practice: There is a need to decrease obesity and promote healthy snacking on the go. Missouri ranks 10th among states for the highest in obesity and about 32.4 percent of adults that live in Missouri are obese. When one is overweight, they increase their risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes, heart disease and hypertension, cancer, arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney disease, Alzheimer’s/dementia, and mental health concerns. Obesity is oneRead MoreShould Unhealthy Food Be Banned?811 Words   |  4 PagesHealth is an important function that overall defines the physical, psychological and social ability of a person to perform in a given situation. In today’s fast and instant life health has taken a backseat. Health related issues visible in all genre people and especially becoming a growing concern in children. At the young age children are facing health related problems like obesity, cardiovascular, and blood pressure. These problems occur only due to the easy acce ss of unhealthy food at home andRead MoreGrowing Health Epidemic : Childhood Obesity1258 Words   |  6 PagesChildren in America are now facing a growing health epidemic: childhood obesity. As many as 1 out of 6 children are now considered obese, and the number is expected to grow. In fact, if current trends progress, the generation born after 2000 will be the first generation that will be unhealthier than their parents. Along with health risks, the cost of care for the increasing obesity cases is estimated to cost $78 billion in medical expenses (Spradlin 2015). With an increase of obesity and relatedRead MoreObesity Among Children And Children Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pages Obesity among children ages 6-18 in the United States Obesity is a major issue not only in the United States, but also around the world. It is dangerous, and it can lead to many health problems. Obesity can causes short and long term health problems; children with obesity are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and to develop pre-diabetes. Research shows that, â€Å"In a population-based sample of 5-17-years-old, 70 percent of obese children had at least one risk factorRead MoreBlame For Obesity1279 Words   |  6 Pagesthe the United States and in the world. Fast food industries are a common source to cause of obesity due to advertisements and lack of labeling many of their products, which all lead on an effect towards the youth population, otherwise known as the new generation. Society has conformed to unhealthy eating in not just adults but also children , this is due to the fact the that they are being influenced by those around them, specifically adults such as their parents. With this conformity, obe sity percentageRead MoreSwot Redbull969 Words   |  4 Pagesdrinks market with annual sales of billion dollars. According to the statistics, in year 2003 red bull achieved 80% brand share of the energy drinks in market. Since year 2000 (compare to 1990s), it has been a clear shakeout, and fewer new brands are launching new products to the market. Furthermore many products offered by leading drink manufacturers could not compete with Red bull in the market, such as Coca-Cola’s Burn. (â€Å"Red Bull SWOT Analysis†) Marketing capabilities The successful marketingRead MoreIntroduction: Red bull is an energy drink created in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz. Red Bull is the800 Words   |  4 Pagesusing trade as a new pathway to increase sales . In addition to that Red Bull is also using vending machines to increase the awareness of it’s brand. †Red Bull is also introducing vending machines, which shows that it’s committed to diversification of its distribution network and faced industry trends.† Extension of product line Because of extensive marketing and promotion budgets that are needed to introduce a new product from a new entrant to the market, the probability of new competitors entryRead MoreObesity A Social Problem Or A Epidemic1671 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem on a global scale. I plan to present what could solve the epidemic in the United States I believe that this epidemic can be solve by doing three simple things with our children or youth of our society . By teaching our children how to cook, promoting or introducing a fitness programs in our schools and removing unhealthy foods from the schools lunch menus will reduce if not solve this epidemic. When we teach our children how to cook, we are doing two things at once. The first action we are doingRead MoreHealth Concerns With Food Consumption1840 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Concerns with Food In today’s society, children are at higher risk for unhealthy food consumption. The increase in unhealthy food consumption has led children to become obese, and it has produced the need for parents and schools to add healthier options to our daily diets. Furthermore, the reason for childhood obesity is widely due to the lack of nutrition that children are getting. In addition to the lack of nutrition, children are also becoming obese because â€Å"children are consuming moreRead MoreLiterature Review Write Up with Cover Page4074 Words   |  17 PagesVending Machine Food Environment Assessment Literature Review Erin Fitzharris University of Iowa-School of Public Health Susan Klein Iowa State University Extension Carol Voss Iowa Department of Public Health Fit for Life Program Summer 2008 1 The food environment has only recently been studied as an important contributor to the dietary decisions people make every day; decisions which ultimately impact both short- and long-term health outcomes. The built environment, or the surroundings

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Money Understand Relationship Between Price-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Money Understand Relationship Between Price? Answer: Introduction The mechanism of price, demand and revenue has always been one of the sought after topics in economics. Businesses invest a number of researches and spend substantial amount of money to understand the relationship between price, demand and revenue. In most cases a organisations are focused on developing a strategy which would help them to understand to what extent revenue and demand will increase if the price falls. Price elasticity is the concept of economics with which the organisations could understand the change in demand with the little change in price. Even though it is important for most of the organisations to understand the price elasticity and its relation with demand and supply it is still an important and complex subject to be understood by individuals. From the parlance of a neophyte it could be said that naturally if the price of a firm drops it should increase demands and revenue but it might not happen always as there are few other aspects which play a crucial role in the management of demand and supply for organisations (Besbes and Zeevi 2015). Hence the present study will take an opportunity to address this aspect whether the drop in price always increased demand and revenue or not through comparative analysis of the sources used in doing the previous assessment of annotated bibliography. Interpretation and Analysis of Literature Price elasticity is considered as one of the key aspects that organisations need to discuss and reckon while managing their business in order to gain upper hand in the market. Price elasticity could be defined as the change in percentage of the quantity demanded with the change in percentage of the price in a given period of time. Apparently it might seem that change or dip in the price is likely to improve the quantity of demand but it could be said that it might not happen always. Even though price elasticity and total revenue are interrelated it is not always possible that price drops and demand increases and revenue as well (Hirschey, 2016). In order to understand the relationship and the mechanism of both price and demand on revenue it is important to analyse suitable literature and compare them effectively to get the best possible result. Comparison and Analysis of literature From the perspective of economics when price falls demand rises and when price raises the demand drops. This is a simple equation which is almost known by many people all across the world and the business organisations tend to operate effectively based on this aspect. It is undeniable that low price drives consumers to focus on purchasing more and more of a particular commodity, but it has been seen in number of cases that rising of prices doesnt affect the demand when it should definitely go against the equation and demand should drop. This happens maybe because the entire industry together have decided to raise the price which clearly shows that the companies had to reluctantly increase prices and hence it is considered that there will be no change in the demand even when there is an increase in the price as the entire industry decides to increase prices and it is no firm to firm competition battle (Hirschey, 2016). The price demand dynamics is an interesting concept which has been taken into discussion by a source received from the annotated bibliography. Mumbower, Garrow and Higgins (2014) took an opportunity to analyse the airline data to understand the price demand dynamics and this has helped to get significant insights. The analysis by the authors showed that business travelers are not price sensitive or less sensitive to that of the informal consumers which means the business travelers are willing to pay the price for comfort whereas the informal consumers are focused on getting comfort but at an affordable cost. However it has showed that price drop apparently increases demand. Here it is important to argue that when the price drops the customers are driven but the quality of service in case of airline will be confined which again will affect the demand and hence revenue will suffer. Overall it could be said that there is more to demand and revenue apart from price fall. The second source used in the annotated bibliography has highlighted the mechanism that goes into work in the San Francisco parking spaces. Ovchinnikov and Milner (2012) stated that there is a significant disparity between the parking space allotments of the drivers which is mainly dependent on the price of parking space. Most of the drivers in this case have suffered looking for cheap parking space and had to waste their car fuel for this whereas expensive parking space have been reserved for customers who can afford them and this has left them empty which clearly shows the disparity that high price and low price could have on the market. Comparing the above two articles it could be said that when the first source focused on showing the interest of the consumers to be concerned about price then the second source tried to understand the disparity that could take place with high price and low price. Both the articles try to show the price and demand dynamics in the two different industries. In the airline industry it has been seen that the business customers are less price sensitive whereas on the other hand it could be said that the expensive car parking remain empty and cheap parking have huge competition which means that the result if price drops will vary from industry to industry (Hirschey, 2016). Source 3 of the annotated bibliography has highlighted the aspect of increasing price due to the fall in mail volumes. Stuff.co.nz, J. (2017) showed that they had to increase the price of the services due to the fall in the mail volumes. It is an unusual scenario but it could be said that the organisation in order to manage the increasing cost of the organisation this decision has been taken which clearly shows that increasing cost definitely leads to increase in price. This clearly shows the relationship between price, demand and revenue. On the other hand Source 4 that mainly talks about price positioning for revenue management has highlighted the fact that clearly price positioning is an important aspect to get the best result in the form of demand and revenue. According to the article established by Noone, Canina and Enz (2013) it has showed that price positioning may fluctuate the performance of the organisation. Comparing both the articles it could be said that there is a direc t link between demand and price when source 3 article increase the price due to the lack of demand then source 4 emphasised on the fact that it is important to position price in such a way demand gets increased. Conclusion To conclude the comparative analysis it could be said that there is a significant relationship between price, demand and revenue but the industry plays an important role in this case. It is undeniable that exceptions could happen with the industrial actions like mass change in price. For instance if the airline industry focuses on increasing in price even then the demand of the service will not go down given its importance for the consumers and hence it could be said that if the price drops demand and revenue will normally rise but there are certain exceptions which have the potential to change the re References Besbes, O. and Zeevi, A., 2015. On the (surprising) sufficiency of linear models for dynamic pricing with demand learning.Management Science,61(4), pp.723-739. Hirschey, M., 2016.Managerial economics. Cengage Learning. Mumbower, S., Garrow, L.A. and Higgins, M.J., 2014.Estimating flight-level price elasticities using online airline data: A first step toward integrating pricing, demand, and revenue optimization.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,66, pp.196-212. Noone, B.M., Canina, L. and Enz, C.A., 2013. Strategic price positioning for revenue management: The effects of relative price position and fluctuation on performance.Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management,12(3), pp.207-220. Ovchinnikov, A. and Milner, J.M., 2012. Revenue management with end?of?period discounts in the presence of customer learning.Production and operations management,21(1), pp.69-84. Stuff.co.nz, J. (2017).NZ Post prices to rise due to falling mail volumes. [online] Stuff. Available at: https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/90720902/nz-post-stamp-prices-to-rise-due-to-falling-mail-volumes [Accessed 15 Aug. 2017].

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Hemingways Hero Code in Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-lighted Place Essay Example

Hemingways Hero Code in Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-lighted Place Essay Ernest Hemingway, alongside Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner and John Steinbeck, is a shining beacon of the American literary scene. He mastered both the novel as well as the short story forms. The scope of this essay is two of his short stories – Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-Lighted Place. The two stories are analyzed from the angle of the concept of â€Å"Hero Code†, which is a recurrent theme in Hemingway’s works. The â€Å"Hero Code†, is a set of features that typify the hero in Hemingway stories. A character shown to exhibit this code need not be the lead character in the story, but nevertheless, his presence is quite important. This hero will have a lot of machismo about him, not in terms of brute force, but in the general attitude he shows. The Code Hero will be a man of action and will seldom get into philosophical discussions. He seeks sensual gratification including drinking, eating and women. He is fiercely loyal to a select group of people whom he strongly identifies with. This hero is generally disillusioned about construed meanings of life and has come to recognize them for what they are. In this world view, there is no God and there is no sanctity to life (human or otherwise); existence is constantly threatened by death and hence induces a state of anxiety and restlessness. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemingways Hero Code in Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-lighted Place specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hemingways Hero Code in Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-lighted Place specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hemingways Hero Code in Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-lighted Place specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the story A Clean Well-Lighted Place, we can identify the old man, who visits the cafe regularly as the Code Hero. He does not have a wife and is taken care of by his niece. He is frail due to old age, but nonetheless still derives pleasure from the ambience and brandy provided in the cafe. While he stays up late in the night and drinks in excess, he is also disciplined in his own way. For example, when he is prompted to leave the cafe because it is closing time, without showing any displeasure he systematically counts the glasses he drank and pays for them with a tip included. Further, while he drinks more than is healthy for his age, he maintains his gait while walking, thereby not losing his dignity. These are expressions of discipline too, as Hemingway implies. And the old man certainly exhibits them. Further, his habit of going home very late in the night is actually a sign of vivacity and life rather than a sign of dejection. Although the old man is said to have att empted suicide a few days ago, his reprieve from death has helped heighten his sensual appetite, which is why he is back visiting his favorite cafe and the last one to leave it. This facet to the old man’s personality, namely his tendency to live life to the fullest, is again, another quality of the Code Hero. As is typical of Hemingway plots, there is always another character that aspires to live life like the Code Hero. In the case of A Clean Well Lighted Place, it is the elder waiter who plays that role. Being middle aged and being able to see the viewpoints of both young and old, his sympathy and admiration for the old customer is quite high. In a poignant ending to the story, he soliloquies as follows, capturing the essence of his philosophy of life (here ‘nada’ stands for ‘nothing’, ‘void’, ‘vapidity’ and a sense of disillusionment with the world) â€Å"What did he fear? It was not a fear or dread, It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was a nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada y pues nada y naday pues nada. Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. He smiled and stood before a bar with a shining steam pressure coffee machine.† (Hemingway, A Clean Well-Lighted Place) In the story Hills Like White Elephants, the male character displays the features of Code Hero. Firstly, he likes travel and adventure, which is evidenced from numerous hotel labels stuck to his bags. His worry of losing his cherished freedom is one of the motivations for persuading his companion to undergo abortion. Although the word abortion is not explicitly used in the story, there is no doubt that the couple are discussing only that. The reference to the distant hills as White Elephants is a literary allusion to the unborn fetus the girl is carrying. In the story, the man comes across as stubborn about his views, although he pays lip service to convey the opposite view. He is also not very empathetic toward his girl’s feelings. He gives the impression that the decision to have or not have a child is simply a matter of convenience. That there could be sanctity attached to the life of the unborn baby, that his girl desires to have a child and experience motherhood, etc, are thoughts that he does not harbour. Furthermore, the man’s concern is chiefly the degree of pain (or its absence) during the course of the abortion; and doesn’t seem to realize that it is his own potential child that is being terminated. This kind of attitude, which is believed to be a manifestation of masculinity, is also associated with the Code Hero. The insensitivity of the man in understanding the feelings of his girlfriend Jig is evident in the following heated dialogue that takes place in the bar attached to the railway station: â€Å"‘You’ve got to realize,’ he said, ‘ that I don’t want you to do it if you don’t want to. I’m perfectly willing to go through with it if it means anything to you.’ / ‘Doesn’t it mean anything to you? We could get along.’ / ‘Of course it does. But I don’t want anybody but you. I don’t want anyone else. And I know it’s perfectly simple.’†¦/ ‘Would you do something for me now?’ / ‘I’d do anything for you.’ / ‘Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?’ / He did not say anything but looked at the bags against the wall of the station. There were labels on them from all the hotels where they had spent nights. / ‘But I don’t want you to,’ he said, ‘I don’t care anything about it.’ / ‘I’ll scream,’ the girl said.† (Hemingway, Hills Lik e White Elephants) In conclusion, both characters discussed above show clear signs of the Hero Code that Hemingway inevitably crafts into all his stories. But it appears that the old man in A Clean Well Lighted Place is the more exemplary of the two, because he harms no one else and also maintains his dignity. By virtue of being unsympathetic (if not actually misogynistic) toward his girl Jig, the main character in Hills Like White Elephants is a watered down version of how Hemingway usually portrays his Code heroes. Works Cited: Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants, retrieved from , retrieved on 8th December, 2010 Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, retrieved from on 8th December, 2010 The Hemingway Code Hero, retrieved from on 8th December, 2010